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教孩子情緒管理2009/03/27 

人的大腦是終其一生不停的在成長與改變,而改變最快的時期就是童 年。嬰兒剛出生時,他大腦中的神經元比他成年以後的還更多,但是因為大腦用掉他重量十倍的能源,所以嬰兒自出生後,大腦便一直不停的在修剪,把很少用到的 神經元修剪掉,把常用的聯結成強的迴路。決定誰被留、誰被刪的就是經驗,尤其是童年的經驗。


我們的感覺皮質區在幼年時就已成熟,掌管情緒的邊緣系統在青春期前也發育完成,只有掌管自我控制、理解力、抑制力的前額葉成熟最晚,要到十七、八歲才成熟。童年和青春期的情緒管理經驗,對大腦神經迴路的形成很重要,童年更是一生情緒特質形成最重要的時機,這時期養成的習慣會崁入神經網路的基本架構中,不太會因後來的經驗而改變。


最 近的研究報告發現童年的精神受虐(被譏笑、排斥、忽略)會改變基因,造成長久性的傷害,如憂鬱症和自殺。加拿大麥吉爾(McGill)大學的神經學家解剖 了三十六名突然死亡者的大腦,其中十二名為無受虐紀錄的自殺者、十二名為曾受虐的自殺者,十二名為車禍意外死亡者。他們發現童年的受虐會改變下視丘--腦 下垂體--腎上腺(HPA)這個壓力反應機制,增加自殺的傾向。小時候情緒的創傷造成大腦永久性的傷害,包括結構上的改變,如聯結兩個腦半球的胼胝體變 小。


過去「行為主義」盛行時,很多人說孩子哭時,不要抱他,抱就是鼓勵他哭,要等他不哭了才可以抱。忘記了嬰兒不會說話,哭是他表達需求的方式,不准對他的需求做反應,等於是忽略他。


現在的做法是嬰兒的搖籃直接放在母親的床旁,使嬰兒眼睛一張開就可以看到熟悉的臉,給予他安全感。安全感是孩子情緒成長最重要的條件,直接影響他人格的成長。父母應把孩子帶在身邊,讓孩子從觀察父母的待人接物上,學習自己的情緒管理,例如四兩撥千斤,用幽默來化解尷尬及用正向思考來處理問題。


父母更要在孩子情緒風暴未形成前,跟他談,把情緒化解掉。目前坊間很流行的用毆打不倒翁來出氣,是個錯誤的情緒教育方式,這只會使憤怒者憤怒的情緒更亢奮,因為它更加活化大腦憤怒的神經迴路,而且養成遷怒、洩憤的壞習慣,從研究得知,負面情緒應從認知去化解。


哈佛教授凱根(Jerome Kagan)的長期研究發現孩子的脾氣是可以改的,四個月大聽到巨大聲響會嚇哭的嬰兒,長到四歲再測驗時,只有一半還會如此,小時候害羞的孩子,長大不見得害羞。所以只要給予適當的教導,孩子先天的脾氣可以被導正。凱根認為「情緒維持幾秒,心情維持一天,性情終身打造」,他教父母從情緒著手,改變心情,穩定成性情。


在現在講究人際關係的社會,教導孩子妥善管理他的情緒,是給他一把開啟成功之門的鑰匙,不可等閒視之,更要從小做起。




如何教出好情緒的孩子?更多資訊請見4月號《親子天下》雜誌
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